lördag 15 september 2007

Den historiska Jesus - Johannes kommentarer

Leifs sammanfattning av debatten är välskriven och jag känner inte direkt något behov av att skriva så mycket kring kvällen, där Gustavsson och Viklund möttes i en debatt.

Många var vi som kände oss aningen förvirrade om Viklunds historiska metod. Viklund verkar basera historia på främst på tre områden:

- Dateringar av dokumentet man undersöker
- Källor utanför dokumentet och deras tillförlitlighet (där han har höga krav)
- Finns det paralleller i andra dokument, och om detta finns bort förklarar det övriga dokument?

Viklund sa ex under debatten att om traditionerna kring ett dokument var oklara var man tvungen att se vad dokumentet i sig själv sa. Men givetvis gäller det omvända. Man utgår alltid från dokumentet i fråga, traditioner och andra källor kommer sekundärt. Lite av det paradoxala kring detta påstående var att det sas i samband med att Viklund kortfattat nämnde Apostlagärningarna, här ville han gärna datera dokumentet till 93 e Kr.

Men på vilken grund?
Om vi nu har osäkra traditioner kring dokumentet skulle vi enligt Viklund gå till dokumentet i sig själv och se vad detta säger.


Enligt William Lane Craig så är inledningen till Lukasevangeliet skrivet i klassisk grekisk terminologi, precis så som de grekiska historikerna skrev[15]. Efter inledningen så byter Lukas till att använda en mera vanlig grekiska, men han har visat att om han vill så kan han presentera innehållet som en historiker.

Lukas var antagligen inget ögonvittne till Jesus själv. När han försökte att sammanställa sitt material gick han enligt egen utsago mycket noggrant tillväga, hans arbete påminner mycket om en historikers arbete. Grundligt talade han med människor och han läste säkert det han kunde komma över innan han försöker att sätta ihop allting i kronologisk ordning. En intressant iakttagelse är att Lukas i Apostlagärningarna kapitel 16 börjar skriva i första persons plural. Detta går att hitta på flera ställen:

Vi lade ut från Troas och seglade rakt över till Samotrake och nästa dag till Neapolis..[16]

En gång när vi var på väg till bönestället, mötte vi en slavflicka som hade en spådomsande..[17]

Efter att ha skilts från dem och lagt ut, seglade vi rakt mot Kos..[18]

Skeptiska kritiker vill här hävda att man inte ska ta "första persons" skriverierna som Lukas använder sig av bokstavligt. De menar att det var vanligt att skriva i första person i sjö berättelser. Problemet som kommer är att många av Lukas händelser som han nedskrivit inte tar plats på havet, utan på land. Än värre är att när man kollat upp sjö berättelser så har det visat sig att de inte alls skrivits på det sättet. Allting har visat sig vara ett "akademiskt påstående med mycket fantasi"[19].

Det som är troligast är att Lukas i mellan åt slog följe med Paulus och de andra på deras resor. Och då skriver han i första person eftersom det är det naturliga. Detta gör att Lukas står i första hands kontakt med de första ögonvittnena av Jesus tjänst och liv. Och därmed kan man absolut inte avfärda honom som ointressant i det historiska sammanhanget. (Nya Testamentet - del 1, Johannes Forsberg, 2004)

Viklund borde bättre redogöra för hur han närmar sig historiska antika dokument. För den intresserade finns det bra uppslag för detta här. Att enbart bort förklara ett dokument på grund av spekulativa dateringar känns inte riktigt seriöst.

Johannes Forsberg

29 kommentarer:

Roger Viklund sa...

Hej Johannes!

Grunden till den sena dateringen är bland annat det tydliga samband som finns mellan å ena sidan Lukasevangeliet och Apostlagärningarna och å andra sidan Josefus’ båda historieverk, där det senare utkom först år 93 vt.

Först vill jag säga att jag inte vill datera Apg till 93 vt. Jag vill datera Lukasevangeliet till EFTER år 93 och det betyder inte nödvändigtvis direkt efter år 93 och då givetvis Apg ytterligare senare. Vi hör inget om Apg förrän vid pass 180 vt och jag föreslår en tillkomst ca år 110 vt. Jag kan inte bortse från att både Lukasevangeliet och Apg uppvisar så klara paralleller med Josefus’ båda stora historieverk, att påverkan dem emellan är den enda hållbara förklaring jag kan komma fram till. Och i så fall har Lukas byggt på Josefus och inte tvärtom.

Sedan vill jag poängtera att skriftens sena tillkomst gör att jag inte tror att det är Lukas som är författaren. Men det kan mycket väl vara så att vi-materialet är förstahandsuppteckningar gjorda av Lukas. Vem säger dock att det är densamme som skrivit resten av Apostlagärningarna och Lukasevangeliet? Mer logiskt har de båda skrifterna en annan författare som infogat en reseskildring (skriven av Lukas?) i Apg.

Mvh, Roger

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